Linux all open tcp

How to check open ports in Linux using the CLI

I need to list all open ports in Linux cloud server. How do I check open ports in Linux using the CLI? Can you give me the command to check open ports in Linux operating system?

To troubleshoot server problems and to avoid security issue, one needs to find out open TCP and UDP ports. In this tutorial, you will learn the different Linux commands to check open ports in Linux for auditing and securing the server.

Tutorial details
Difficulty level	Easy
Root privileges	Yes
Requirements	Linux command line
Est. reading time	5 minutes

What the hell are a TCP and UDP ports?

A port is nothing but a 16-bit number between 0 to 65535. For example, TCP port number 22 may be forwarded to the OpenSSH server. Therefore, 22 port number is a way to identify the sshd (OpenSSH server) process.

Port numbers

• The Well Known Ports are those from 0 through 1023.
• The Registered Ports are those from 1024 through 49151.
• The Dynamic and Private Ports are those from 49152 through 65535.

A registered port is a network port assigned by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and stored in /etc/services file. Use the cat command or grep command/egrep command to view port numbers and service mappings:

Display a list of applications and their ports assigned by IANA

Check open ports in Linux

The procedure to monitor and display open ports in Linux is as follows:

1. Open a Linux terminal application
2. Use ss command to display all open TCP and UDP ports in Linux.
3. Another option is to use the netstat command to list all ports in Linux.
4. Apart from ss / netstat one can use the lsof command to list open files and ports on Linux based system.
5. Finally, one can use nmap command to check TCP and UDP ports too.

Let us see all commands and examples in details.

Using netstat to list open ports

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• -t : All TCP ports
• -u : All UDP ports
• -l : Display listening server sockets
• -p : Show the PID and name of the program to which each socket belongs
• -n : Don’t resolve names
• | grep LISTEN : Only display open ports by applying grep command filter.

Use ss to list open ports

The ss command is used to dump socket statistics. It allows showing information similar to netstat. It can display more TCP and state information than other tools. The syntax is:
sudo ss -tulpn
Sample outputs:

Listening ports and applications using lsof command

Let us run the following to check open TCP and UDP ports using the lsof command:
sudo lsof -i -P -n | grep LISTEN

Where,

• -i : Look for listing ports
• -P : Inhibits the conversion of port numbers to port names for network files. Inhibiting the conversion may make lsof run a little faster. It is also useful when port name lookup is not working properly.
• -n : Do not use DNS name
• | grep LISTEN : Again only show ports in LISTEN state using the grep command as filter.

nmap command

In addition, to above commands one can use the nmap command which is an open source tool for network exploration and security auditing. We are going to use nmap to find and list open ports in Linux:
$ sudo nmap -sT -O localhost
$ sudo nmap -sU -O 192.168.2.254 ##[ list open UDP ports ]##
$ sudo nmap -sT -O 127.0.0.1 ##[ list open TCP ports ]##
$ sudo nmap -sTU -O 192.168.2.24
Sample outputs:

The open port doesn’t mean anyone from outside can access those ports

So far, you know how to find and list open TCP and UDP ports on Linux. However, those ports can still be blocked by software, cloud, or hardware firewall. Hence, you need to verify that your corporate firewall is not blocking incoming or outgoing access. For instance on Linux server we list or dump firewall rules using the following syntax:
sudo iptables -S
# IPv6
sudo ip6tables -S

Conclusion

In conclusion, finding out open ports is one of the most fundamental duties of a Linux system administrator for security reasons. Therefore, close down all unwanted ports and configure firewall such as UFW and FirewallD to open or block ports as per your requirements. After reading this tutorial, you should have a good understanding of how to check for open ports in Linux. See IANA’s offical list of TCP, UDP and other ports here for more information.

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Linux Find Out Which Process Is Listening Upon a Port

Linux Find Out Which Process Is Listening Upon a Port

You can the following programs to find out about port numbers and its associated process:

1. netstat command or ss command – a command-line tool that displays network connections, routing tables, and a number of network interface statistics.
2. fuser command – a command line tool to identify processes using files or sockets.
3. lsof command – a command line tool to list open files under Linux / UNIX to report a list of all open files and the processes that opened them.
4. /proc/$pid/ file system – Under Linux /proc includes a directory for each running process (including kernel processes) at /proc/PID, containing information about that process, notably including the processes name that opened port.

You must run above command(s) as the root user.

Linux netstat command find out which process is listing upon a port

Type the following command:
# netstat -tulpn
Sample outputs:

TCP port 3306 was opened by mysqld process having PID # 1138. You can verify this using /proc, enter:
# ls -l /proc/1138/exe
Sample outputs:

You can use grep command or egrep command to filter out information:
# netstat -tulpn | grep :80
Sample outputs:

A note about ss command

Some Linux distro considered the nestat command as deprecated and therefore should be phased out in favor of more modern replacements such as ss command. The syntax is:
$ sudo ss -tulpn
$ sudo ss -tulpn | grep :3306

Click to enlarge image

Video demo

fuser command

Find out the processes PID that opened tcp port 7000, enter:
# fuser 7000/tcp
Sample outputs:

Finally, find out process name associated with PID # 3813, enter:
# ls -l /proc/3813/exe
Sample outputs:

/usr/bin/transmission is a bittorrent client, enter:
# man transmission
OR
# whatis transmission
Sample outputs:

Find Out Current Working Directory Of a Process

To find out current working directory of a process called bittorrent or pid 3813, enter:
# ls -l /proc/3813/cwd
Sample outputs:

OR use pwdx command, enter:
# pwdx 3813
Sample outputs:

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Find Out Owner Of a Process on Linux

Use the following command to find out the owner of a process PID called 3813:
# ps aux | grep 3813
OR
# ps aux | grep ‘[3]813’
Sample outputs:

OR try the following ps command:
# ps -eo pid,user,group,args,etime,lstart | grep ‘[3]813’
Sample outputs:

Another option is /proc/$PID/environ, enter:
# cat /proc/3813/environ
OR
# grep —color -w -a USER /proc/3813/environ
Sample outputs (note –colour option):

Fig.01: grep output

lsof Command Example

Type the command as follows:

Now, you get more information about pid # 1607 or 1616 and so on:
# ps aux | grep ‘[1]616’
Sample outputs:
www-data 1616 0.0 0.0 35816 3880 ? S 10:20 0:00 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
I recommend the following command to grab info about pid # 1616:
# ps -eo pid,user,group,args,etime,lstart | grep ‘[1]616’
Sample outputs:

• 1616 : PID
• www-date : User name (owner – EUID)
• www-date : Group name (group – EGID)
• /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start : The command name and its args
• 03:16:22 : Elapsed time since the process was started, in the form [[dd-]hh:]mm:ss.
• Fri Oct 29 10:20:17 2010 : Time the command started.

Help: I Discover an Open Port Which I Don’t Recognize At All

The file /etc/services is used to map port numbers and protocols to service names. Try matching port numbers:
$ grep port /etc/services
$ grep 443 /etc/services
Sample outputs:

Check For rootkit

I strongly recommend that you find out which processes are really running, especially servers connected to the high speed Internet access. You can look for rootkit which is a program designed to take fundamental control (in Linux / UNIX terms “root” access, in Windows terms “Administrator” access) of a computer system, without authorization by the system’s owners and legitimate managers. See how to detecting / checking rootkits under Linux.

Keep an Eye On Your Bandwidth Graphs

Usually, rooted servers are used to send a large number of spam or malware or DoS style attacks on other computers.

Conlcusion

You learned various Linux commands to find information about running process and their ports. See the following man pages for more information:
$ man ps
$ man grep
$ man lsof
$ man netstat
$ man fuser

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How to Find Out List of All Open Ports in Linux

In this article, we will briefly talk about ports in computer networking and move to how you can list all open ports in Linux.

In computer networking, and more definitely in software terms, a port is a logical entity which acts as a endpoint of communication to identify a given application or process on an Linux operating system. It is a 16-bit number (0 to 65535) which differentiates one application from another on end systems.

The two most popular Internet transport protocols, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and other less known protocols use port numbers for communication sessions (source and destination port numbers in conjunction with the source and destination IP addresses).

In addition, a combination of an IP address, port and protocol such as TCP/UDP is known as a socket, and every service must have a unique socket.

Below are the different categories of ports:

1. 0-1023 – the Well Known Ports, also referred to as System Ports.
2. 1024-49151 – the Registered Ports, also known as User Ports.
3. 49152-65535 – the Dynamic Ports, also referred to as the Private Ports.

You can view a list of different applications and port/protocol combination in /etc/services file in Linux using cat command:

To list all open ports or currently running ports including TCP and UDP in Linux, we will use netstat, is a powerful tool for monitoring network connections and statistics.

1. -l – prints only listening sockets
2. -n – shows port number
3. -t – enables listing of tcp ports
4. -u – enables listing of udp ports

You can also use ss command, a well known useful utility for examining sockets in a Linux system. Run the command below to list all your open TCP and UCP ports:

Make it a point to read through the man pages of the commands above for more usage information.

In summary, understanding the concept of ports in computer networking is very vital for system and network administrators. You can as well go through this netstat guide with simple, precise and well explained examples.

Last but not least, get in touch with us by sharing other methods for listing open ports in Linux or asking a question via the response form below.

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HowTo: UNIX / Linux Open TCP / UDP Ports

H ow do I open the TCP or UDP ports under UNIX / Linux like operating systems?

A port is an application-specific or process-specific software construct serving as a communications endpoint and it is identified by its number such as TCP port number 80 . It is used by TCP and UDP of the Internet Protocol Suite. A port number is a 16-bit unsigned integer, thus ranging from 0 to 65535.

In the above example Apache process associates its input and output channel file descriptors (fd) with a port number 80 and an IP address 202.54.1.1. This is known as binding. It is used to send and receive web pages via UNIX / Linux operating system’s networking stack (software). In other words communication is done using application ports. When you start the Apache you open port 80 for communication. Common services such as web, mail, pop3 et all use use specifically reserved, well-known port numbers for receiving service requests from client hosts. The well-known ports are defined the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). Type the following command to see list well-known of TCP and UDP port numbers:
$ less /etc/services
grep -w 80 /etc/services
Sample outputs:

Privileged Ports

Typically port number less than 1024 are used by well know network servers such as Apache. Under UNIX and Linux like oses root (super user) privileges are required to open privileged ports. Almost all clients uses a high port numbers for short term use. This is also known as an ephemeral port. For example Apache use TCP port 80

The port numbers are divided into three ranges:

1. Well Known Ports: those from 0 through 1023.
2. Registered Ports: those from 1024 through 49151
3. Dynamic and/or Private Ports: those from 49152 through 65535

You can increase local port range by typing the following command (Linux specific example):
# echo 1024 65535 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_local_port_range
You can also increase or decrease socket timeout (Linux specific example):
# echo 2000 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_keepalive_time

Common Well Known Port Numbers

The following are used by UNIX / Windows / Linux / BSD / OS X and all other server operating systems or network devices (see /etc/services file):

• 21: FTP Server
• 22: SSH Server (remote login)
• 25: SMTP (mail server)
• 53: Domain Name System (Bind 9 server)
• 80: World Wide Web (HTTPD server)
• 110: POP3 mail server
• 143: IMAP mail server
• 443: HTTP over Transport Layer Security/Secure Sockets Layer (HTTPDS server)
• 445: microsoft-ds, Server Message Block over TCP

How Do I See Open Ports and Socket Information Under UNIX or Linux?

You can use the netstat command:
# netstat -tulpn
FreeBSD specific example:
# sockstat -l
To list open IPv4 connections use the lsof command:
# lsof -Pnl +M -i4
The ss command is used to dump socket statistics. It allows showing information similar to netstat command. It can display more TCP and state information than other tools
# ss -s
# ss -l
# ss -pl
# ss -o state established ‘( dport = :smtp or sport = :smtp )’

Examples

Each TCP or UDP port is opened using a UNIX service or daemon such as Apache web server. You can also write a program using C, C++, Perl, Shell or Bash to open any port. You can also use utilities such as nc command .

Apache Server Example (open TCP port 80)

Start the Apache web server under FreeBSD as follows to open TCP port 80:
# /usr/local/etc/rc.d/apache22 forcestart
OR
# /usr/local/etc/rc.d/apache22 start
To displays listening sockets (open ports) under FreeBSD, enter:
# sockstat -l
OR
# netstat -nat | grep LISTEN
You should see port 80 opened under FreeBSD. Under CentOS or Redhat (RHEL) Linux, you can open port 80 using the following commands:
# service httpd start
# chkconfig httpd on
# netstat -tulpn | grep :80

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Firewall Configuration

All port numbers are encoded in the transport protocol packet header, and they can be read by other components of the network stack such as firewall. Firewall can be used for port forwarding or denying access to open port. For example, block an abusing IP address called 1.2.3.4 using UNIX firewall. In other words, Apache port is open but it may be blocked by UNIX (pf) or Linux (iptables) firewall. You also need to open port at firewall level. In this example, open tcp port 80 using Linux iptables firewall tool:
# /sbin/iptables -A INPUT -m state —state NEW -m tcp -p tcp —dport 80 -j ACCEPT
# service iptables save

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